Nginx 进阶完全指南 2026：反向代理 + HTTPS + 负载均衡 + 限速 + 安全加固

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main                             # 全局配置
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├── events { }                   # 事件处理（worker连接数等）
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└── http { }                     # HTTP 相关
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    ├── upstream { }             # 后端服务器组（负载均衡用）
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    └── server { }               # 虚拟主机
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        └── location { }        # URL 匹配规则

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# 轮询（默认）
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upstream backend_rr {
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    server 10.0.0.1:8000;
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    server 10.0.0.2:8000;
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    server 10.0.0.3:8000;
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    keepalive 64;
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}
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# 加权轮询（服务器性能不同）
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upstream backend_weighted {
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    server 10.0.0.1:8000 weight=3;
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    server 10.0.0.2:8000 weight=1;
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}
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# 最少连接（请求耗时差异大）
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upstream backend_lc {
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    least_conn;
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    server 10.0.0.1:8000;
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    server 10.0.0.2:8000;
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}
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# IP 哈希（session 粘性）
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upstream backend_iphash {
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    ip_hash;
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    server 10.0.0.1:8000;
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    server 10.0.0.2:8000;
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}
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# 含 backup 备用服务器
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upstream backend_ha {
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    server 10.0.0.1:8000;
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    server 10.0.0.2:8000;
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    server 10.0.0.3:8000 backup;    # 主服务器全部故障时启用
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}
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server {
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    location / {
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        proxy_pass http://backend_rr;
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        # 被动健康检查：后端报错自动切换到下一台
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        proxy_next_upstream error timeout http_500 http_502 http_503;
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    }
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}

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# http 块中定义限速区域
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http {
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    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=general:10m rate=20r/s;
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    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=login:10m   rate=1r/m;   # 登录接口
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    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m     rate=30r/s;
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    limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=perip:10m;
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    limit_req_status  429;   # 触发限速返回 429，而不是默认的 503
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    limit_conn_status 429;
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}
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server {
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    # 全局限速
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    limit_req  zone=general burst=30 nodelay;
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    limit_conn perip 50;
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    location /api/ {
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        limit_req  zone=api burst=50 nodelay;   # burst=50：允许突发50个请求
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        limit_conn perip 20;
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        proxy_pass http://backend;
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    }
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    location /auth/login {
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        limit_req  zone=login burst=3 nodelay;  # 登录接口严格限速
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        limit_conn perip 5;
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        proxy_pass http://backend;
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    }
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    # 请求体大小限制（文件上传）
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    client_max_body_size 10m;
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    # 下载带宽限速
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    location /download/ {
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        limit_rate       2m;      # 每连接最大 2MB/s
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        limit_rate_after 5m;      # 前 5MB 不限速，之后再限
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        alias /var/www/files/;
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    }
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}

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http {
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    # Gzip 压缩
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    gzip              on;
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    gzip_vary         on;
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    gzip_proxied      any;
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    gzip_comp_level   6;          # 1-9，6是速度与压缩比的平衡点
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    gzip_min_length   1000;       # 小于 1KB 不压缩
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    gzip_types
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        text/plain text/css application/json
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        application/javascript image/svg+xml
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        font/truetype application/font-woff2;
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    # 代理缓存配置
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    proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx
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        levels=1:2
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        keys_zone=mycache:10m
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        max_size=1g
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        inactive=60m
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        use_temp_path=off;
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}
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server {
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    # 静态资源永久缓存（强缓存）
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    location /static/ {
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        expires    1y;
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        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
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    }
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    # API 响应代理缓存
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    location /api/public/ {
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        proxy_cache       mycache;
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        proxy_cache_valid 200 302  5m;
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        proxy_cache_valid 404      1m;
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        proxy_cache_use_stale error timeout updating;
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        proxy_cache_lock  on;
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        add_header        X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
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        proxy_cache_methods GET HEAD;
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        proxy_pass        http://backend;
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    }
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}

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user  nginx;
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worker_processes auto;
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worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
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error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
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pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;
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events {
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    worker_connections 4096;
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    use epoll;
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    multi_accept on;
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}
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http {
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    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
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    default_type  application/octet-stream;
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    sendfile    on;
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    tcp_nopush  on;
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    tcp_nodelay on;
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    keepalive_timeout 65;
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    server_tokens off;    # 隐藏 Nginx 版本号
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    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
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                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
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                    '"$http_user_agent" rt=$request_time '
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                    'uct=$upstream_connect_time urt=$upstream_response_time';
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    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
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    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=general:10m rate=20r/s;
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    limit_req_status 429;
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    gzip on;
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    gzip_vary on;
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    gzip_comp_level 6;
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    gzip_min_length 1000;
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    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript image/svg+xml;
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    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
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}